Rational Ruling (Hukm ‘Aqli)
A rational ruling (hukm ‘aqli) is a type of ruling that requires no empirical observation to affirm or negate its truth. In other words, it is to affirm or negate an effect between two things not by way of repetition or revelation. For example: 1+1=2.
It encompasses self-evident or axiomatic truths that stand independently from contingent normative rulings. Such rulings are established through pure reason and logic.
For instance, rational possibilities can only be deemed necessary or impossible based on contingently normative observations. A statement like “I am in Toronto” is rationally possible, but it becomes absurd if normative observation confirms that you are actually sitting in front of me in Ottawa. This example illustrates how rational rulings operate in the realm of abstract logic, while their contextual application is guided by empirical verification.
Three Types of Rational Rulings
Rational rulings (hukm ‘aqli) can be classified into three based on their logical nature:
- Necessary (wajib)
- Possible (ja’iz)
- Impossible (mustahiil)
Necessary (wajib) refers to: propositions that do not admit negation. These statements must always be true. In other words, it is something of which the non-existence cannot be accepted by the intellect. Or, that which cannot be false by virtue of what it is.
Possible (ja’iz) refers to: accepting both negation and affirmation such that propositions can be either true or false depending on the context. In other words, this is something which has both the capacity of existence or non-existence.
Impossible (mustahil) refers to: propositions that do not admit affirmation. These statements must always be false. In other words, this is something of which the existence can never be accepted by the intellect. Or, that which cannot be true by virtue of what it is. It is a negation of the first category i.e., the necessary.
This classification helps in understanding and categorizing statements based on their logical coherence and necessity.
Each one of the three classifications can be further sub-categorized intwo two types:
- A Priori (Daruuri)
- A Posteriori (Nazari)
A Priori (Daruuri): is something that does not depend upon deduction, proof or reflection.
A Posteriori (Nazari): is something that depends upon proof, reflection, and contemplation.
The scholars have all agreed that having sufficient knowledge of these three classifications of logical rulings is incumbent upon the mukallaf in regards to Allah and His Prophets. See: Legal and Moral Responsibility (Taklif).